Methamphetamine Use Drops While Amphetamine Use Continues to Rise
Random Drug Testing Programs May Deter Use, Data Show
MADISON, N.J., May 6 /PRNewswire/ -- Cocaine use among U.S. employees and job applicants in the general U.S. workforce declined sharply in 2008, according to the annual Quest Diagnostics Drug Testing Index™ (DTI), based on 5.7 million urine drug tests performed last year by Quest Diagnostics , the nation's leading provider of drug testing services. In addition, methamphetamine use in the general workforce declined year over year, yet positive urine tests for amphetamine showed an uptick in worker use of this stimulant drug.
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"We now know that the implementation of workplace drug testing programs has significantly reduced drug abuse in worker populations subject to drug testing," according to Robert Willette, Ph.D., President of Duo Research and former Chief of the Research Technology Branch of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. "This impact is evidenced in a variety of surveys and other data sources, one of the most valuable being the Quest Diagnostics Drug Testing Index. While many substances are showing declines in use, a significant trend upward that will be important to watch is the rise in amphetamine positives. This coincides with survey and emergency room data, and could be tied to the significant increase in drugs prescribed for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Similar trends are seen with the increased use and abuse of pain medications."
Employers that implement drug testing programs do so for a variety of reasons, most often to protect the health and well-being of employees and avert business risk associated with drug-induced judgments. The 2008 DTI summarizes 7.3 million urine drug test results of the U.S. workforce, including both the general U.S. workforce and federally mandated safety-sensitive workforce, which includes pilots, bus drivers, and nuclear power plant operators. The DTI looks at 'recent use,' as measured by laboratory analysis of a urine sample, which detects drug use within the prior one to three days.
Sustained drop in overall drug use
Overall recent drug use in the combined U.S. workforce has sustained a 19-year decline since Quest Diagnostics first published the Drug Testing Index in 1989, summarizing data from 1988, when 13.6 percent of workers tested positive for drug use. In 2008, 3.6 percent of the combined U.S. workforce tested positive in a urine drug test compared to 3.8 percent in 2007. Experts credit effective drug testing programs with positively influencing worker behavior and, in recent years, have cited law enforcement's impact on the decreased availability and increasing costs of illicit substances as a factor in recent drug use declines.
Cocaine and methamphetamine use decline sharply; amphetamine use increases
Positivity rates of recent use of cocaine in the general U.S. workforce dropped 29 percent (0.58 percent of all urine drug tests in 2007 to 0.41 percent in 2008) continuing a steep decline. In 2006, 0.72 percent of urine tests showed recent use of cocaine. While methamphetamine positivity in the general U.S. workforce also dropped 21 percent (0.14 percent in 2007 to 0.11 percent in 2008), the positivity rate for amphetamine increased more than 12 percent, from 0.40 percent to 0.45 percent.
Cocaine, methamphetamine and amphetamine are each a type of stimulant, typically used to increase alertness and relieve fatigue. Stimulants are also used for euphoric effects or may be used to counteract the "down" feeling of tranquilizers or alcohol. Possible side effects of stimulants include increased heart and respiratory rates, elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils and decreased appetite. High doses may cause irregular heartbeat, loss of coordination or collapse. Indications of possible misuse may include excessive activity, talkativeness, irritability or nervousness.
Random drug testing programs appear to deter use
Random drug testing programs appear to deter drug use, DTI data show. In the federally mandated safety-sensitive workforce, where employees expect random drug testing, the drug positivity rate is far lower than the rate of positivity among job applicants in that same workforce. However, in the general workforce, where employees are far less likely to expect random drug testing, the drug use positivity rate is dramatically higher than that of job applicants.
"At first, it may not be surprising that in the safety-sensitive workforce random drug test positivity is nearly 18 percent lower than pre-employment positivity," according to Barry Sample, Ph.D., Director of Science and Technology for Quest Diagnostics' Employer Solutions Division. "Pre-employment drug testing is an important frontline filter to help ensure a drug-free workforce. However, we see a more complex story when these rates are compared to the general workforce, where employees are far less likely to expect random drug testing. Here, the random urine test positivity rate is 47 percent higher than the pre-employment urine test positivity rate."
Random urine test positivity among safety-sensitive workers was 1.4 percent, according to the 2008 DTI, nearly 18 percent lower than the pre-employment positivity rate of 1.7 percent. Those employed in the safety-sensitive workforce understand that they can be subject to a random drug test at any time. In the general workforce, where random urine testing is not typically required of employees nor expected, the random urine test positivity rate was 47 percent higher than that workforce's pre-employment positivity rate. The general U.S. workforce pre-employment urine testing positivity rate reached 3.6 percent, while the general U.S. workforce random urine testing positivity rate reached 5.3 percent.
For the full 2008 Quest Diagnostics Drug Testing Index, visit the Quest Diagnostics web site at http://www.questdiagnostics.com/employersolutions/dti/2009_05/dti_index.html.
About the Drug Testing Index™ (DTI)
The Quest Diagnostics Drug Testing Index is published as a public service for government, media and industry and has been considered a benchmark for national trends since its inception in 1988. It examines positivity rates--the proportion of positive results for each drug to all such drug tests performed--among three major testing populations: federally mandated, safety-sensitive workers; the general workforce; and the combined U.S. workforce. Federally mandated, safety sensitive workers include pilots, bus and truck drivers, and workers in nuclear power plants, for whom routine drug testing is mandated by the U.S. Department of Transportation and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
About Quest Diagnostics
Quest Diagnostics is the world's leading provider of diagnostic testing, information and services that patients and doctors need to make better healthcare decisions. The company offers the broadest access to diagnostic testing services through its network of laboratories and patient service centers, and provides interpretive consultation through its extensive medical and scientific staff. Quest Diagnostics is a pioneer in developing innovative new diagnostic tests and advanced healthcare information technology solutions that help improve patient care. Additional company information is available at: www.QuestDiagnostics.com.
Overall Positivity Rates By Drug Category - Urine Drug Tests
(For Combined U.S. Workforce, as a percentage of all such tests)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Overall 4.5% 4.1% 3.8% 3.8% 3.6%
Percent Testing Positive for Cocaine - Urine Drug Tests
(For General U.S. Workforce, as a percentage of all such tests)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Positivity Rates
for Cocaine 0.72% 0.70% 0.72% 0.58% 0.41%
% Difference
Cocaine N/A -3.2% 2.9% -19.4% -29.3%
Percent Testing Positive for Methamphetamine and Amphetamine - Urine Drug Tests
(For General U.S. Workforce, as a percentage of all such tests)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Positivity for
Amphetamine 0.45% 0.44% 0.38% 0.40% 0.45%
Positivity for
Methamphetamine 0.33% 0.28% 0.18% 0.14% 0.11%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
% Difference
Amphetamine N/A -2.2% -13.6% 5.3% 12.5%
% Difference
Methamphetamine N/A -15.2% -35.7% -22.2% -21.4%
Positivity Rates By Testing Reason - Urine Drug Tests
(For Federally Mandated, Safety-Sensitive Workforce)
Testing Reason 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Pre-Employment 2.7% 2.6% 2.3% 2.0% 1.7%
Random 1.8% 1.8% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4%
Positivity Rates By Testing Reason - Urine Drug Tests
(For General U.S. Workforce)
Testing Reason 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Pre-Employment 4.1% 3.9% 3.9% 3.9% 3.6%
Random 7.1% 6.6% 5.5% 5.7% 5.3%
The Drug Testing Index© 2009 Quest Diagnostics Incorporated. All rights reserved.
SOURCE: Quest Diagnostics Incorporated
Web site: http://www.questdiagnostics.com/